He talked to her endlessly about his love of horizontals: how they, th — Arch

"Why do you speak to me of the stones? It is only the arch that matters to me." Polo answers: "Without stones there is no arch.""

"The exact shape of funicular (sometimes called linear or theoretical) arch[es] that carry all applied loads by axial compression only, may be developed by the same methods as used for finding the shape of cables. ...If the actual shape of the arch is different from funicular shape, the bending moment at any section of an arch is proportional to the ordinate or intercept between the given arch and funicular arch... This principle is called Eddys Theorem."

"Arches form a distinct class of two-dimensional structural elements that resist external loads through their profile (form). Compared to a beam element of the same span and subjected to the same load, the B.M. in an arch will be much smaller because of the negative B.M. due to the horizontal thrust at the supports (abutments). Graphical solution of arches is much simpler than the analytical solution, and is of adequate accuracy for practical purposes. The solution is based on Eddys theorem on B.M. in arches and the concept of pressure (thrust) lines. ...In case the structure has the profile of the force polygon, the B.M. at any section will be zero... The structure, in such a case, will be subjected only to axial compression. Such a profile along the length of a beam or frame is known as the pressure line or line of thrust. ...the profile for a given system of forces, which would induce only compressive forces. The profile of a pressure line resembles an arch with linear segments; the profile is sometimes known as a linear arch."

"All building naturally divides into two classes, the architecture of the beam and that of the arch, which have been called trabeated and arcuated—according to the means which it uses for covering openings and spaces—the first being that which covers them by beams or s, the second that which uses arches. The logical development of the two classes leads in the one to flat ceilings and straight roofs, in the other to vaults and s."

"[A]long with the order, the architecture of Rome had inherited from the Etruscans the arch, despised and rejected by the Greeks... It was probably the child of the bricklayer, who has no other means of bridging an opening; at least we find it first in alluvial Mesopotamia, where the Chaldees, who had no stone to build with, raised their great pyramids and built their palaces of bricks, and where the Assyrian conquerors who appropriated their civilization and art, as the Romans did the Greek, adopted it from them and used it on a great scale. Born in the oriental brick-fields, it came to the Greeks with all the associations of ignoble material, profane uses, and hated sponsors. Every influence of religious association, conservatism, and respect for the Egyptian example, from which they had learned much, bound them to their trabeated style. Still more, the instinct for harmony of form which dominated both Egyptians and Greeks could but warn them that the use of the arch not only implied a change of their constructive system, but was at war with their whole architectural scheme of lines, proportions, and monumental effect. Even as late as the time of , after long subjection of Greece to Roman control, the arcaded conduit to the at Athens seems to show the persistent resistance of Greek workmen on their own soil to the very principle of the arch, for the arches are cut through solid slabs of stone instead of being built up in the fashion of the true arch."

"The action and reaction between adjacent voussoirs occur along the lines of the forces R, therefore the polygon composed of these forces is appropriately named the Line of Resistance. It may be obtained as the funicular polygon of the forces P with the end-reactions K as the terminal sides."