In closing, it should be noted that although a full and complete under — Hormonal birth control

"By 1960 the worlds population had grown to around 3 billion people, having taken just 33 years to increase from 2 billion.1 Although many agreed that growth rates needed to fall, couples at the time had few reversible contraceptive choices: mainly barrier methods, spermicides, and a few plastic-only and metal-based intrauterine devices (IUDs). Many relied on ‘withdrawal’. This was soon to change dramatically because during the 1950s scientists had patented two synthetic progestogens, norethisterone and norethynodrel.2 Clinical studies showed that these hormones inhibited ovulation, although some accompanying oestrogen (initially mestranol, now ethinylestradiol) was needed for acceptable breakthrough bleeding and pregnancy rates. The first combined oral contraceptive was marketed in the US in 1960, and in the UK the following year. Many women enthusiastically embraced ‘the pill’; for some because it separated contraception from the act of intercourse and for others because it could be used without their partners knowledge. Early on, howev-er, concerns were expressed about the methods carcinogenic potential, and about reports of associated venous thromboembolic and other cardiovascular events.2 Furthermore, the unfolding thalidomide tragedy of the early 1960s provided a powerful reminder of the epidemiological truth that when millions of people use a medicinal product small increases in risk still result in many people affected."

"Although American scientists had been busy studying hormones in the 1930s and 1940s, Marga-ret Sangers dream of a pill for birth control improbably came to fruition because of the discovery of a wild Mexican yam. The yam was key to the development of synthetic hormones, a scientific advance necessary for the creation of the Pill."

"I invented the pill at the request of a woman."

"The history of the development of oral contraceptives (OCs) has been a progressive reduction in dosage to what is now probably the lowest does that is compatible with the desired therapeutic effect -- to inhibit ovluation. Yet, controversy and argument continue."

"The possibility of hormonal contraception was postulated as early as 1919 by the physiologist Ludwig Haberlandt in Innsbruck. The same year, he began to test his hypothesis in animal experiments. In 1924 he succeeded in his efforts to render mice infertil by orally administering ovarian and placental extracts. He failed to have his method tried in women."

"The rapid increase in the world population makes it mandatory to develop new contraceptive methods. Disseminating reversible inexpensive and practical hormonal methods to developing countries is a target of many international agencies and funds."