It is absolutely certain that if a proposition is established by mathe — Mathematical induction

"M. Poincaré finds the answer to these questions in the so-called mathematical induction which proceeds from the particular to the more general, but at the same time does so by steps of the highest degree of certitude. In this process he sees the creative force of mathematics, which leads to real proofs and not mere sterile verifications. The illustrations used to make the thought clear are taken from the beginnings of arithmetic, where mathematical thought has remained least elaborated and uncomplicated by the difficult questions related to the notion of space. In successive instances it is shown how more general results are obtained from fundamental definitions and from previous results by means of mathematical induction. In each case the advance is made by virtue of that "power of the mind which knows that it can conceive of the indefinite repetition of the same act as soon as this act is at all possible. The mind has a direct intuition of this power and experience gives only the opportunity to use it and to become conscious of it." The conviction that the method of mathematical induction is valid our author regards as truly an à priori synthetic judgment; the mind can not tolerate nor conceive its contradictory and could not even draw any theoretic consequences from the assumption of the contradictory. No arithmetic could be built up, rejecting the axiom of mathematical induction, as the non-Euclidean geometries have been built up, rejecting the postulate of Euclid."

"Mathematical induction, which is purely ordinal... may be stated as follows: A series generated by a one-one relation, and having a first term, is such that any property, belonging to the first term and to the successor of any possessor of the property, belongs to every term of the series."

"The propositions of arithmetic, the... operations, for instance, which play such a fundamental rôle even in the most simple calculations, must be demonstrated by deductive methods. What is the principle involved? Well, this principle has been variously called mathematical induction, and complete induction, and that of reasoning by recurrence. The latter is the only acceptable name, the others being misnomers. The term induction conveys an entirely erroneous idea of the method, for it does not imply systematic trials."

"Despite the age-long tyranny exercised by the Aristotelian logic... Of all argument forms, there is one which, viewed as the figure of the way in which the mind gains certainty that a specified property belonging, but not immediately by definition, to each element of a denumerable assemblage of elements does so belong, enjoys the distinction of being at once perhaps the most fascinating, and, in its mathematical bearings, doubtless the most important single form in modern logic. This form is that variously known as reasoning by recurrence, induction by connection (De Morgan), mathematical induction, complete induction, and Fermatian induction—so called by C. S. Peirce, according to whom this mode of proof was first employed by Fermat. Whether or not such priority is thus properly ascribed, it is certain that the argument form in question is unknown to the Aristotelian system, for this system allows apodictic certainty in case of deduction only, while it is the distinguishing mark of mathematical induction that it yields such certainty by the reverse process, a movement from the particular to the general, from the finite to the infinite. Of the various designations of this mode argument, "mathematical induction" is undoubtedly the most appropriate, for though one not be able to agree with Poincaré that the mode in question is characteristic of mathematics, it is peculiar to science, being indeed, as he has called it, "mathematical reasoning par excellence."

"One who extended the theory of equations somewhat further than Vieta was Albert Girard... Like Vieta this ingenious author applied algebra to geometry, and was the first who understood the use of negative roots in the solution of geometric problems. He spoke of imaginary quantities; inferred by induction that every equation has as many roots as there are units in the number expressing its degree; and first showed how to express the sums of their powers in terms of the coefficients."

"We could call it "proof from n to n + 1" or still simpler "passage to the next integer." Unfortunately, the accepted technical term is "mathematical induction." This name results from a random circumstance. ...Now, in many cases... the assertion is found experimentally, and so the proof appears as a mathematical complement to induction; this explains the name."