Diederik Aerts

"In classical Newtonian physics there was a clear understanding of what reality is. Indeed in this classical view, reality at a certain time is the collection of all what is actual at this time, and this is contained in the present. Often it is stated that three dimensional space and one dimensional time have been substituted by four dimensional space-time in relativity theory, and as a consequence the classical concept of reality, as that what is present, cannot be retained. Is reality then the four dimensional manifold of relativity theory? And if so, what is then the meaning of change in time?"

"What is reality? What is space? And what is time? These are the three questions that we want to investigate taking into account the knowledge that we have gained by modern physics. Our intuitive prescientific conception of the world in relation with these three concepts is not very precise but could be summarised as follows. - Reality is everything that exists now in the present. The past has been real but is not anymore and the future is what shall become real but is not yet. - Space is the theatre where reality is in. It englobes all of reality. Till the birth of relativity theory all physical theories where compatible with this intuitive scheme. But when relativity theory entered the scene, these intuitive conceptions of space and time, and what is less recognised even till today, also the conception of reality, has got into problems."

"We have come to suspect that `the way concepts combine and how they carry and communicate meaning is governed by the presence of quantum structure in cognition."

"We continually speak of world views in the plural because a unique and monolithic world view - considering the immense complexity of reality - will remain an unattainable ideal."

"In our study of applying quantum to cognition we have identified five main aspects that play a fundamental role and that are specific to quantum structures as compared to classical structures. They are (i) contextual in influence (ii) emergence due to superposition, (iii) interference, (iv) entanglement and (v) quantum field theoretic aspects."

"The world around us can be construed as a huge "house" that we share with other humans, as well as with animals and plants. It is in this world that we exist, fulfilling our tasks, enjoying things, developing social relations, creating a family. In short, we live in this world. We thus have a deep human need to know and to trust it, to be emotionally involved in it. Many of us, however, experience an increasing feeling of alienation. Even though, with the expansion of society, virtually the entire surface of the planet has become a part of our house, often we do not feel "at home" in that house. With the rapid and spontaneous changes of the past decades, so many new wings and rooms have been constructed or rearranged that we have lost familiarity with our house. We often have the impression that what remains of the world is a collection of isolated fragments, without any structure and coherence. Our personal "everyday" world seems unable to harmonise itself with the global world of society, history and cosmos. It is our conviction that the time has come to make a conscious effort towards the construction of global world views, in order to overcome this situation of fragmentation. There are many reasons why we believe in the benefit of such an enterprise, and in the following pages we shall attempt to make some of them clear."

"Although world views grow organic ly and historically, they can also be developed. The construction of world views is comparable to the work of cartographers in antiquity and in the Middle Ages. They mapped out the world on the basis of information from sailors, mer­ chants and explorers."

"In the construction of world views one can distinguish seven important tasks that correspond with the various components of a world view and that must provide an answer to a number of fundamental questions. First we must design a model of the world. What is the world like in which we live? How is the world structured and how does it function? What are the most suitable metaphors for speaking of the whole? Are mechanistic or organic models to be given preference? An explanation of reality must then follow. Why are the world and mankind as they are? Is a completely different world possible? What general explanatory principles apply?"

"The broader scope of our investigations is the search for the way in which concepts and their combinations carry and influence meaning and what this implies for human thought. More specifically, we examine the use of the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics as a modeling instrument and propose a general mathematical modeling scheme for the combinations of concepts."

"We are quickly approaching the end of the millennium and the magical year 2000. Many futurologists in the sixties thought science and technolo­gy would offer man unprecedented possibilities for solving his problems. The fall of the Iron Curtain and the implosion of the Eastern Block also created, just a, few years ago, grand expectations. The dream did not come true, however. Rather than ending up in a technological paradise and a peace-loving world, we woke up in a torn world with virtually unsolvable environmental problems and agonising social conditions."

"Poincaré analyses how the reality of three dimensional Euclidean (or non-Euclidean) space, has been constructed from our daily experiences as a human being with the objects that are most important for us (rigid bodies), and closely around. This does not mean that this three dimensional space is an ‘invention’ of humanity. It exists, but the way we have ordered, and later on formalized it, by means of specific mathematical models, does make part of it. In other words, what we call the three dimensional reality of space partly exists in its own and partly exists by the structures that we have constructed, relying on our specific human experience with it."

"The classical concept of physical entity, be it particle, wave, field or system, has become a problematic concept since the advent of relativity theory and quantum mechanics. The recent developments in modern quantum mechanics, with the performance of delicate and precise experiments involving single quantum entities, manifesting explicit non-local behavior for these entities, brings essential new information about the nature of the concept of entity."