Sabra Klein

"“In biomedical science, the dogma is that there are no differences between men and women. People like myself who design studies looking at both sexes are left with that uphill battle of challenging the dogma.”"

"“There is a growing appreciation within the scientific community that the immune systems of men and women differ, which impacts development of infectious diseases. While it is known that infectious diseases affect males more frequently and intensely, the heightened immunity that females experience also makes them more vulnerable to developing immunopathology and autoimmune diseases.”"

"“If you take immune cells from HIV positive men and if you take cells from HIV positive women and you put them on a plate and you expose them to an HIV antigen… immune cells from women are going to be much more reactive, they are going to generate a much more robust and viral response.”"

"“We should have stayed the course and developed a vaccine. We didn’t. We shelved it.”"

"“Using mouse models and human clinical samples, we consistently show that adult females of reproductive ages mount greater immune responses than males. Greater immunity among females is a double‑edged sword. These immune responses protect against infection and improve the effectiveness of vaccines, but an excessive immune response can contribute to tissue damage and disease.”"